Clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection in a Latin American country: Results from the ECCOVID multicenter prospective study.

BACKGROUND: Clinical features and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infections diverge in different countries. The aim of this study was to describe clinical characteristics and outcomes in a cohort of patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 in Argentina. METHODS: Multicenter prospective cohort study of ≥18 years-old patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection consecutively admitted to 19 hospitals in Argentina. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify variables associated with 30-day mortality and admission to intensive care unit (ICU). RESULTS: A total of 809 patients were analyzed. Median age was 53 years, 56% were males and 71% had at least one comorbidity. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (32%), obesity (23%) and diabetes (17%). Disease severity at admission was classified as mild 25%, moderate 51%, severe 17%, and critical 7%. Almost half of patients (49%) required supplemental oxygen, 18% ICU, and 12% invasive ventilation. Overall, 30-day mortality was 11%. Factors independently associated with ICU admission were male gender (OR 1.81; 95%CI 1.16-2.81), hypertension (OR 3.21; 95%CI 2.08-4.95), obesity (OR 2.38; 95%CI 1.51-3.7), oxygen saturation ≤93% (OR 6.45; 95%CI 4.20-9.92) and lymphopenia (OR 3.21; 95%CI 2.08-4.95). Factors independently associated with 30-day mortality included age ≥60 years-old (OR 2.68; 95% CI 1.63-4.43), oxygen saturation ≤93% (OR 3.19; 95%CI 1.97-5.16) and lymphopenia (OR 2.65; 95%CI 1.64-4.27). CONCLUSIONS: This cohort validates crucial clinical data on patients hospitalized with SARS-CoV-2 in Argentina.

Triglicéridos, colesterol HDL y dislipidemia aterogénica en la guía europea para el control de las dislipidemias 2019 / Triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and atherogenic dyslipidaemia in the 2019 European guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias

En general, las guías de práctica clínica tanto europeas con americanas han abordado el control de la dislipidemia aterogénica de forma poco convincente e incluso superficial, en gran medida por las limitaciones terapéuticas disponibles. En consecuencia, esta dislipidemia está infradiagnosticada, infratratada e infracontrolada. Dada la reciente aparición de la guía 2019 de la European Atherosclerosis Society y de la European Society of Cardiology sobre el control de las dislipidemias, parece oportuno examinar su posicionamiento con respecto a la dislipidemia aterogénica y/o sus principales componentes, el aumento en las lipoproteínas ricas en triglicéridos y la disminución del colesterol de las lipoproteínas de alta densidad

In general, both European and American clinical guidelines have addressed the management of atherogenic dyslipidaemia in an unconvincing and even superficial way, largely because of the available therapeutic limitations. Consequently, this type of dyslipidaemia is underdiagnosed, under-treated, and under-controlled. Given the recent presentation of the 2019 guidelines of the European Atherosclerosis Society and the European Society of Cardiology on the management of dyslipidaemias, it seems appropriate to examine its position with respect to atherogenic dyslipidaemia and/or its main components, the increase in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, and the decrease of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol

Dislipidemia aterogénica 2019. Documento de consenso del Grupo de Dislipidemia Aterogénica de la Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis / Atherogenic Dyslipidaemia 2019. Consensus document of the Atherogenic Dyslipidaemia Group of the Spanish Arteriosclerosis Society

No disponible

Triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and atherogenic dyslipidaemia in the 2019 European guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias. / Triglicéridos, colesterol HDL y dislipidemia aterogénica en la guía europea para el control de las dislipidemias 2019.

In general, both European and American clinical guidelines have addressed the management of atherogenic dyslipidaemia in an unconvincing and even superficial way, largely because of the available therapeutic limitations. Consequently, this type of dyslipidaemia is underdiagnosed, under-treated, and under-controlled. Given the recent presentation of the 2019 guidelines of the European Atherosclerosis Society and the European Society of Cardiology on the management of dyslipidaemias, it seems appropriate to examine its position with respect to atherogenic dyslipidaemia and/or its main components, the increase in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, and the decrease of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Non-HDL cholesterol as a therapeutic goal. / Colesterol-no HDL como objetivo terapéutico.

Although cholesterol linked to low-density lipoproteins (c-LDL) is well established as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, there is often a more complex dyslipidaemia pattern that contributes to the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. Non-HDL cholesterol (c-NO-HDL) is used to estimate the total amount of atherogenic lipoproteins in plasma, some of which are not usually determined in daily clinical practice. c-NO-HDL is easily calculated from the subtraction of total plasma cholesterol from the cholesterol content carried by high density lipoproteins. The c-NO-HDL has a predictive value superior to that of C-LDL to estimate the risk of major cardiovascular events in epidemiological studies. Genetic studies by analysis of the complete genome, together with those based on Mendelian randomisation, point to the aetiological character of c-NO-HDL on ischaemic heart disease (IHD). Intervention studies, and the meta-analyses derived from them, close the causal circle between c-NO-HDL and IHD, by demonstrating that any intervention that decreases the concentrations of the former reduces the incidence of arteriosclerotic heart disease. The European ESC/EAS 2016 guide for the management of dyslipidaemia considers c-NO-HDL as a therapeutic target with a Class IIa recommendation (should be performed) Level B (data from a single randomised clinical trial [RCT]) or from several non-RCTs), and sets its target at less than 100 or 130mg/dL for those patients with very high risk or high risk, respectively. These achievable c-NO-HDL values are easily calculated by adding 30mg/dL to the c-LDL targets.

Control of the overall lipid profile. / Control del perfil lipídico global.

The importance of overall lipid control in cardiovascular prevention is reviewed. Several studies and meta-analyses show that the control of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) still maintains a high cardiovascular risk, which is related to the presence of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, and therefore with an increase in plasma triglycerides and the values of apolipoprotein B (apoB) containing these lipoproteins. The importance of this relationship is due to the change in the lipid profile of our population in recent years. This is related to the increase in obesity and insulin resistance, and is called atherogenic dyslipidaemia. Thus, hypertriglyceridaemia should be considered a cardiovascular risk factor, especially when the desirable objectives of LDL-C have been achieved. The indications for treatment with fibrates in primary and secondary prevention, using the medical evidence-based recommendations, are described, along with its importance in the reduction of cardiovascular risk. Finally, the established indications of the combined statin-fibrate treatment are presented, always after changes in lifestyle.

Colesterol-no HDL como objetivo terapéutico / Non-HDL cholesterol as a therapeutic goal

Aunque el colesterol unido a las lipoproteínas de baja densidad (c-LDL) está bien establecido como un factor de riesgo de las enfermedades cardiovasculares; existe frecuentemente un patrón dislipidémico más complejo que contribuye a la formación de la placa arteriosclerótica. El colesterol no HDL (c-NO-HDL) se utiliza para la estimación de la cantidad total de lipoproteínas aterogénicas en plasma, algunas de las cuales no son determinadas habitualmente en la práctica clínica diaria. El c-NO-HDL se calcula fácilmente a partir de la sustracción de la cifra de colesterol total plasmático el contenido de colesterol vehiculizado por las lipoproteínas de alta densidad. El c-NO-HDL presenta una superioridad predictora sobre el c-LDL para estimar el riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares mayores en los estudios epidemiológicos. Los estudios genéticos mediante análisis del genoma completo, junto a los basados en la aleatorización mendeliana, apuntan al carácter etiológico del c-NO-HDL sobre la cardiopatía isquémica (CI). Los estudios de intervención, y los metaanálisis de ellos derivados, cierran el círculo causal entre c-NO-HDL y CI al demostrar que cualquier intervención que haga disminuir las concentraciones del primero aminora la incidencia de la cardiopatía arteriosclerótica. La guía europea ESC/EAS 2016 para el manejo de las dislipidemias contempla al c-NO-HDL como una diana terapéutica con una recomendación clase iia (debería realizarse), nivel B (datos de un único RCT o de varios no RCT), y fija su objetivo en menor de 100 o 130 mg/dl para aquellos pacientes con muy alto riesgo o alto riesgo, respectivamente. Estos valores a lograr de c-NO-HDL se calculan fácilmente añadiendo 30 mg/dl a los objetivos c-LDL

Although cholesterol linked to low-density lipoproteins (c-LDL) is well established as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, there is often a more complex dyslipidaemia pattern that contributes to the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. Non-HDL cholesterol (c-NO-HDL) is used to estimate the total amount of atherogenic lipoproteins in plasma, some of which are not usually determined in daily clinical practice. c-NO-HDL is easily calculated from the subtraction of total plasma cholesterol from the cholesterol content carried by high density lipoproteins. The c-NO-HDL has a predictive value superior to that of C-LDL to estimate the risk of major cardiovascular events in epidemiological studies. Genetic studies by analysis of the complete genome, together with those based on Mendelian randomisation, point to the aetiological character of c-NO-HDL on ischaemic heart disease (IHD). Intervention studies, and the meta-analyses derived from them, close the causal circle between c-NO-HDL and IHD, by demonstrating that any intervention that decreases the concentrations of the former reduces the incidence of arteriosclerotic heart disease. The European ESC/EAS 2016 guide for the management of dyslipidaemia considers c-NO-HDL as a therapeutic target with a Class IIa recommendation (should be performed) Level B (data from a single randomised clinical trial [RCT]) or from several non-RCTs), and sets its target at less than 100 or 130mg/dL for those patients with very high risk or high risk, respectively. These achievable c-NO-HDL values are easily calculated by adding 30 mg/dL to the c-LDL targets

Control del perfil lipídico global / Control of the overall lipid profile

Se revisa la importancia del control lipídico global en la prevención cardiovascular. Diversos estudios y metaanálisis demuestran que el control del colesterol LDL mantiene aún un elevado riesgo cardiovascular, que se relaciona con la presencia de lipoproteínas ricas en triglicéridos, y por ello con aumento de los triglicéridos plasmáticos y de los valores de apolipoproteína B que contienen estas lipoproteínas. La importancia de esta relación se debe al cambio ocurrido en los últimos años en el perfil lipídico de nuestra población, relacionado con el aumento de obesidad y de resistencia a la insulina; este perfil se denomina dislipidemia aterogénica. Así, la hipertrigliceridemia debe ser considerada factor de riesgo cardiovascular, especialmente cuando se han alcanzado los objetivos deseables del colesterol LDL. Se describen las indicaciones del tratamiento con fibratos, en prevención primaria y secundaria, basadas en recomendaciones según la medicina basada en la evidencia, así como su importancia en la reducción del riesgo cardiovascular. Finalmente, se establecen las indicaciones del tratamiento combinado estatina-fibrato, siempre tras los cambios del estilo de vida

The importance of overall lipid control in cardiovascular prevention is reviewed. Several studies and meta-analyses show that the control of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) still maintains a high cardiovascular risk, which is related to the presence of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, and therefore with an increase in plasma triglycerides and the values of apolipoprotein B (apoB) containing these lipoproteins. The importance of this relationship is due to the change in the lipid profile of our population in recent years. This is related to the increase in obesity and insulin resistance, and is called atherogenic dyslipidaemia. Thus, hypertriglyceridaemia should be considered a cardiovascular risk factor, especially when the desirable objectives of LDL-C have been achieved. The indications for treatment with fibrates in primary and secondary prevention, using the medical evidence-based recommendations, are described, along with its importance in the reduction of cardiovascular risk. Finally, the established indications of the combined statin-fibrate treatment are presented, always after changes in lifestyle

Riesgo cardiovascular residual de origen lipídico. Componentes y aspectos fisiopatológicos / Residual cardiovascular risk of lipid origin. Components and pathophysiological aspects

Es indudable la relación del cLDL y el riesgo cardiovascular, así como de los beneficios del tratamiento con estatinas. Una vez conseguido el objetivo de cLDL, son notables las evidencias que demuestran la persistencia de un elevado riesgo cardiovascular, concepto denominado riesgo residual. El riesgo residual de origen lipídico se fundamenta en la dislipidemia aterogénica, caracterizada por un aumento de triglicéridos y de las lipoproteínas ricas en triglicéridos, un descenso del cHDL y alteraciones cualitativas de las partículas LDL. Las medidas más utilizadas para identificar esta dislipidemia se basan en la determinación de colesterol total, triglicéridos, HDL, colesterol no HDL y colesterol remanente, además de las apolipoproteínas B100 y la lipoproteína(a) en determinados casos. El tratamiento de la dislipidemia aterogénica se basa en la pérdida de peso y ejercicio físico. En cuanto al tratamiento farmacológico, no tenemos evidencia del beneficio cardiovascular con los fármacos dirigidos al descenso de triglicéridos y cHDL; el fenofibrato parece tener eficacia en situaciones de dislipidemia aterogénica

There is no doubt about the relationship between LDL-c and cardiovascular risk, as well as about the benefits of statin treatment. Once the objective of LDL-c has been achieved, the evidences that demonstrate the persistence of a high cardiovascular risk, a concept called residual risk, are notable. The residual risk of lipid origin is based on atherogenic dyslipidemia, characterized by an increase in triglycerides and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, a decrease in HDL-c and qualitative alterations in LDL particles. The most commonly used measures to identify this dyslipidemia are based on the determination of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, non-HDL cholesterol and remaining cholesterol, as well as apolipoprotein B100 and lipoprotein (a) in certain cases. The treatment of atherogenic dyslipidemia is based on weight loss and physical exercise. Regarding pharmacological treatment, we have no evidence of cardiovascular benefit with drugs aimed at lowering triglycerides and HDL-c, fenofibrate seems to be effective in situations of atherogenic dyslipidemia

Residual cardiovascular risk of lipid origin. Components and pathophysiological aspects. / Riesgo cardiovascular residual de origen lipídico. Componentes y aspectos fisiopatológicos.

There is no doubt about the relationship between LDL-c and cardiovascular risk, as well as about the benefits of statin treatment. Once the objective of LDL-c has been achieved, the evidences that demonstrate the persistence of a high cardiovascular risk, a concept called residual risk, are notable. The residual risk of lipid origin is based on atherogenic dyslipidemia, characterized by an increase in triglycerides and triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, a decrease in HDL-c and qualitative alterations in LDL particles. The most commonly used measures to identify this dyslipidemia are based on the determination of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, non-HDL cholesterol and remaining cholesterol, as well as apolipoprotein B100 and lipoprotein (a) in certain cases. The treatment of atherogenic dyslipidemia is based on weight loss and physical exercise. Regarding pharmacological treatment, we have no evidence of cardiovascular benefit with drugs aimed at lowering triglycerides and HDL-c, fenofibrate seems to be effective in situations of atherogenic dyslipidemia.

Los fibratos en la prevención primaria de la enfermedad cardiovascular. Comentarios a los resultados de una revisión sistemática de la Colaboración Cochrane / Fibrates in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Comments on the results of a systematic review of the Cochrane Collaboration

Los fibratos son un grupo de hipolipidemiantes que reducen los triglicéridos, elevan las lipoproteínas de alta densidad y disminuyen la fracción de partículas de LDL pequeñas y densas. Recientemente, se han publicado los resultados de un estudio de la Colaboración Cochrane sobre su eficacia y seguridad en la prevención primaria de la enfermedad cardiovascular. Este estudio incluye una revisión sistemática y un metaanálisis de 6 estudios (16.135 pacientes) que evalúan, en personas en prevención primaria, los beneficios clínicos de los fibratos comparados con el uso de un placebo o de otros hipolipidemiantes. Concluyen que, comparados con placebo, los fibratos son útiles para reducir en un 16% el combinado muerte por enfermedad cardiovascular, infarto de miocardio no fatal o accidente cerebrovascular no fatal (NNT: 112) y que disminuyen la morbimortalidad coronaria un 21% (NNT: 125). Complementariamente, los fibratos podrían reducir la retinopatía diabética previamente establecida. Sin embargo, no influyen en la mortalidad total ni en la de origen no cardiovascular. Tampoco su empleo conjunto con estatinas beneficia a pacientes sin enfermedad cardiovascular establecida, comparado con el uso de estatinas en monoterapia. Los fibratos son seguros, aunque pueden elevar los niveles séricos de creatinina

Fibrates are drugs that reduce triglycerides, elevate high-density lipoproteins, as well as decrease small, dense LDL particles. The results of a study have recently been published by the Cochrane Collaboration on fibrates efficacy and safety in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. This study includes a systematic review and a meta-analysis of 6 studies (16,135 patients) that evaluated the clinical benefits of fibrates compared to placebo use or other lipid-lowering drugs. This review showed evidence of a protective effect of the fibrates compared with placebo as regards a reduction 16% of a compound objective of death due to cardiovascular disease, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or non-fatal cerebrovascular accident (NNT: 112), and that reduce coronary morbidity and mortality by 21% (NNT: 125). In addition, fibrates could reduce previously established diabetic retinopathy. However, fibrates do not influence total mortality, or non-cardiovascular mortality. Its joint use with statins does not benefit patients without established cardiovascular disease, compared to the use of statins in monotherapy. Fibrates are safe, although they can elevate serum creatinine levels

Fibrates in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Comments on the results of a systematic review of the Cochrane Collaboration. / Los fibratos en la prevención primaria de la enfermedad cardiovascular. Comentarios a los resultados de una revisión sistemática de la Colaboración Cochrane.

Fibrates are drugs that reduce triglycerides, elevate high-density lipoproteins, as well as decrease small, dense LDL particles. The results of a study have recently been published by the Cochrane Collaboration on fibrates efficacy and safety in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease. This study includes a systematic review and a meta-analysis of 6 studies (16,135 patients) that evaluated the clinical benefits of fibrates compared to placebo use or other lipid-lowering drugs. This review showed evidence of a protective effect of the fibrates compared with placebo as regards a reduction 16% of a compound objective of death due to cardiovascular disease, non-fatal myocardial infarction, or non-fatal cerebrovascular accident (NNT: 112), and that reduce coronary morbidity and mortality by 21% (NNT: 125). In addition, fibrates could reduce previously established diabetic retinopathy. However, fibrates do not influence total mortality, or non-cardiovascular mortality. Its joint use with statins does not benefit patients without established cardiovascular disease, compared to the use of statins in monotherapy. Fibrates are safe, although they can elevate serum creatinine levels.

Fibrates in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (infarction and stroke). Results of a systematic review and meta-analysis of the Cochrane collaboration. / Los fibratos en la prevención secundaria de la enfermedad cardiovascular (infarto e ictus). Resultados de una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de la colaboración Cochrane.

Fibrates are a group of drugs that are known mainly for reducing triglycerides, increasing high density lipoproteins (HDL), and reducing the fraction of small, dense LDL particles. The results of a Cochrane Collaboration study have recently been published on their efficacy and safety in the secondary prevention of severe cardiovascular accidents, including coronary and cerebrovascular disease. The study included randomised clinical trials in which the fibrate was compared with placebo or with no treatment. Clinical trials comparing two different fibrates were excluded. The clinical trials evaluated included a total of 16,112 patients (13 trials). The meta-analysis (including all the trials with fibrates) showed evidence of a protective effect of the fibrates compared with placebo as regards a compound objective of non-fatal stroke, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and death of cardiovascular origin (hazard ration of 0.88, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.83 to 0.94; in 16,064 individuals included in 12 studies). Thus, the results showed, with a moderate level of evidence, that fibrates could be effective in secondary prevention considering a compound objective of non-fatal stroke, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and death of cardiovascular origin.

Los fibratos en la prevención secundaria de la enfermedad cardiovascular (infarto e ictus). Resultados de una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de la colaboración Cochrane / Fibrates in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (infarction and stroke). Results of a systematic review and meta-analysis of the Cochrane collaboration

Los fibratos son un grupo de fármacos que se caracterizan principalmente por reducir los triglicéridos, elevar las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL) y reducir la fracción de partículas de LDL pequeñas y densas. Se ha publicado recientemente los resultados de un estudio de la Colaboración Cochrane sobre su eficacia y seguridad en la prevención secundaria de accidentes cardiovasculares graves, incluyendo enfermedad coronaria y cerebrovascular. El estudio incluye ensayos clínicos aleatorizados en los que el fibrato se compara con placebo o con no tratamiento. Se excluyen ensayos clínicos comparando 2 fibratos diferentes. Los ensayos clínicos evaluados incluyen un total de 16.112 pacientes (13 ensayos). El metaanálisis (incluyendo todos los ensayos con fibratos) muestra la evidencia de un efecto protector de los fibratos comparados con placebo en lo relativo a un objetivo compuesto de ictus no fatal, infarto de miocardio no fatal, y muerte de origen cardiovascular (tasa de riesgo de 0,88, con intervalo de confianza (95%) de 0,83 a 0,94; en 16.064 individuos incluidos en 12 estudios). Por tanto, los resultados muestran con una evidencia de grado moderado que los fibratos pueden ser efectivos en la prevención secundaria considerando un objetivo compuesto de ictus no fatal, infarto no fatal, y muerte de origen cardiovascular (AU)

Fibrates are a group of drugs that are known mainly for reducing triglycerides, increasing high density lipoproteins (HDL), and reducing the fraction of small, dense LDL particles. The results of a Cochrane Collaboration study have recently been published on their efficacy and safety in the secondary prevention of severe cardiovascular accidents, including coronary and cerebrovascular disease. The study included randomised clinical trials in which the fibrate was compared with placebo or with no treatment. Clinical trials comparing two different fibrates were excluded. The clinical trials evaluated included a total of 16,112 patients (13 trials). The meta-analysis (including all the trials with fibrates) showed evidence of a protective effect of the fibrates compared with placebo as regards a compound objective of non-fatal stroke, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and death of cardiovascular origin (hazard ration of 0.88, with a 95% confidence interval of 0.83 to 0.94; in 16,064 individuals included in 12 studies). Thus, the results showed, with a moderate level of evidence, that fibrates could be effective in secondary prevention considering a compound objective of non-fatal stroke, non-fatal myocardial infarction, and death of cardiovascular origin (AU)

Decálogo de la Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis para disminuir la inercia terapéutica / Decalogue of the Spanish Society of Arteriosclerosis to reduce therapeutic inertia

Se define como inercia terapéutica (IT) el fallo del médico en iniciar o intensificar un tratamiento cuando no se ha conseguido el objetivo terapéutico. La IT puede ser de 2tipos: la inercia por ausencia de prescripción de fármacos y la inercia ante la ausencia de control de un determinado factor de riesgo. Las consecuencias de la IT son un mal control de los factores de riesgo, un aumento de eventos potencialmente evitables y un aumento de los costes. Existen factores del propio médico, del paciente y de la organización asistencial que determinan la presencia de IT. Se proponen 10medidas para disminuirla: promover la formación continuada, marcar claramente los objetivos terapéuticos, establecer auditorías, implantar la historia clínica informatizada con alertas, incentivar la investigación en este campo, divulgar las guías de práctica clínica, crear incentivos motivadores, organizar la asistencia, mejorar la relación médico-paciente e implicar a otros agentes sanitarios (AU)

Therapeutic inertia (TI) is defined as the failure of the physician to initiate or intensify a treatment when the therapeutic goal has not been achieved. TI can be of 2types: inertia due to lack of prescription of drugs and inertia in the absence of control of a risk factor. The consequences of TI are poor control of risk factors, an increase in potentially preventable events and an increase in costs. There are factors of the doctor himself, the patient and the care organization that determine the presence of TI. Ten measures are proposed to reduce TI: to promote continuing education, to define clearly therapeutic objectives, to establish audits, to implement computerized medical records with alerts, to encourage research in this field, to disseminate clinical practice guidelines, to create motivational incentives, to organize care, to improve the doctor-patient relationship and to involve other health care providers (AU)

Fibratos y protección vascular / Fibrates and vascular protection

Los pacientes con dislipemia aterogénica no han sido la base de ningún ensayo clínico, por lo que el efecto de los fibratos puede haber sido infraestimado en los estudios realizados hasta la fecha. Los fibratos, además de mejorar el perfil lipídico, presentan efectos protectores de la pared vascular a través de modular el papel de las lipoproteínas ricas en triglicéridos en la aterogénesis, mejoran el flujo de reserva coronario y la rigidez arterial, y mediante el efecto de los PPARalfa activados en las células endoteliales y musculares lisas de la pared arterial. En la presente revisión analizamos la posible protección vascular de los fibratos y los posibles mecanismos implicados (AU)

Patients with atherogenic dyslipidaemia have not been the focus of any clinical trials, and thus the effect of fibrates may have been underestimated to date. In addition to improving lipid profile, fibrates have protective effects on the vascular wall through modulation of the role of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in atherogenesis, enhancing coronary reserve flow and arterial stiffness, and through the effect of activated PPARalpha in smooth muscle and endothelial cells of the arterial wall. In the present review, we analyse the possible vascular protective effect of fibrates and the possible mechanisms involved (AU)

Decalogue of the Spanish Society of Arteriosclerosis to reduce therapeutic inertia. / Decálogo de la Sociedad Española de Arteriosclerosis para disminuir la inercia terapéutica.

Therapeutic inertia (TI) is defined as the failure of the physician to initiate or intensify a treatment when the therapeutic goal has not been achieved. TI can be of 2types: inertia due to lack of prescription of drugs and inertia in the absence of control of a risk factor. The consequences of TI are poor control of risk factors, an increase in potentially preventable events and an increase in costs. There are factors of the doctor himself, the patient and the care organization that determine the presence of TI. Ten measures are proposed to reduce TI: to promote continuing education, to define clearly therapeutic objectives, to establish audits, to implement computerized medical records with alerts, to encourage research in this field, to disseminate clinical practice guidelines, to create motivational incentives, to organize care, to improve the doctor-patient relationship and to involve other health care providers.

Enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico, asociación con la enfermedad cardiovascular y tratamiento (II). Tratamiento de la enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico / Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, association with cardiovascular disease and treatment (II). The treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

La enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico (EHGNA) comprende una serie de lesiones hepáticas histológicamente similares a las inducidas por el alcohol en personas con un consumo del mismo muy escaso o nulo. La importancia de la EHGNA radica en su alta prevalencia en nuestras sociedades occidentales y, desde el punto de vista hepático, en su progresiva evolución desde esteatosis a esteatohepatitis, cirrosis y cáncer de hígado. Durante la última década se ha observado que la EHGNA da lugar a un incremento del riesgo cardiovascular con aceleración de la arteriosclerosis y de los episodios cardiovasculares, principal causa de su morbimortalidad. Esta revisión actualizada a enero de 2016 consta de 2 partes. En esta segunda parte se revisarán el tratamiento de la EHGNA y su influencia sobre la enfermedad cardiovascular, así como los fármacos empleados en el control de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular que muestran un efecto beneficioso sobre esta hepatopatía (AU)

Disease nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprises a series of histologically similar to those induced by alcohol consumption in people with very little or no liver damage same. The importance of NAFLD is its high prevalence in our Western societies, from the point of view liver in its progressive evolution from steatosis to steatohepatitis, cirrhosis and liver cancer. During the last decade it has been observed that NAFLD leads to an increased cardiovascular risk with accelerated atherosclerosis and cardiovascular events, the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. This updated January 2016 revision consists of two parts. In this second part, the treatment of NAFLD and its influence on cardiovascular disease and drugs used in the control of cardiovascular risk factors showing a beneficial effect on the liver disease will be reviewed (AU)

Enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico, asociación con la enfermedad cardiovascular y tratamiento (I). Enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico y su asociación con la enfermedad cardiovascular / Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, association with cardiovascular disease and treatment. (I). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its association with cardiovascular disease

La enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico (EHGNA) comprende una serie de lesiones hepáticas histológicamente similares a las inducidas por el alcohol, en personas con un consumo del mismo muy escaso o nulo. La importancia de la EHGNA radica en su alta prevalencia en el mundo occidental y, desde el punto de vista hepático, en su progresiva evolución desde esteatosis a esteatohepatitis, cirrosis y cáncer de hígado. Durante la última década se ha observado que la EHGNA da lugar a un incremento del riesgo cardiovascular con aceleración de la arteriosclerosis y de los eventos a ella vinculados, principal causa de su morbimortalidad. Esta revisión actualizada a enero de 2016 consta de dos partes, analizando en esta primera parte la asociación de la EHGNA con la enfermedad cardiovascular (AU)

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) comprises a series of histologically lesions similar to those induced by alcohol consumption in people with very little or no liver damage. The importance of NAFLD is its high prevalence in the Western world and, from the point of view of the liver, in its gradual progression from steatosis to steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. During the last decade it has been observed that NAFLD leads to an increased cardiovascular risk with acceleration of arteriosclerosis and events related to it, being the main cause of its morbidity and mortality. This review, updated to January 2016, consists of two parts, with the first part analysing the association of NAFLD with cardiovascular disease (AU)